XTribe Documentation

Welcome to the online documentation for XTribe server. This documentation is intended for experiment developers only.

In order to understand these pages you must know HTML and JavaScript and at least a server side development technology. We'll show examples in PHP, NodeJS, Java Server Pages, and Python.

The Platform In Depth

XTribe has been designed with a modular structure through which most of the complexity associated to running an experiment is hidden into a Main Server, while the experimentalist is left with the only duty of devising a suitable interface for the actual experiment. In this way most of the coding difficulties related to the realization of a dynamic web application are already taken care by the ET Server and the realization of an experiment should be as easy as constructing a webpage with the main utilities for it.

Interface and Game Manager

A game, an experiment can be imagined as a combination of two intercommunicating parts: the interface and the Game Manager (GM). The interface is what is visible to players, and will interact with them. The GM is represented by those functional parts that process the action of the players.
But even if the researcher writes down the code for both the interface and the GM, he is still far from the creation of a web game. Here, XTribe comes in handy. In the first place, the platform will host the game interface. The platform will offer a page for the description of the game rules, compiled by the researcher, from which players can access and play the game. Instead, the GM part of the game will be hosted by the researcher. In this way he can directly collect the data in real time.

Users and Data

Since the game has been created for research purposes, the researcher is interested in all sort of statistics related to players. Beside this, he may also be interested in filtering players for specific purposes, e.g. according to their age, gender, geographical location, nationality, etc. To this end, XTribe handles a user registry in which players will be allowed to register, if required, and play while the system would maintain all the information about them, such as scores, ranks, etc. together with biographical information. If needed, this information should be send to the GM, i.e. to the experimentalist.
Furthermore, based on this information, when properly configured, the system will grant the access to the game only to certain profiles. Being in charge of the handling of the user registry, the system would also spare the researcher from dealing with privacy and security issues since all data will be properly anonymized and, possibly, encrypted. However, by default, it is still possible for unregistered users to access the games. Filters are applied only if set by the researcher.

... and this is how it begins!

Once the players have accessed the game, the system will create an instance of the game. There may be given rules for the game to start. A basic rule is the number of players: a certain number of players have to be reached to start a game. There may be also different constraints such as locations, age, sex, etc. As soon as there is a sufficient number of players satisfying the grouping constraints, the game starts.

The Game

The interface will transmit the actions of the players to the GM, but all messages will pass through the system, which will group them by match instance number after having anonymized them. The GM will then receive the data, will elaborate them and will send the results of the elaboration back to the system, which in turn will transmit them to the interfaces. Obviously, it will also save the data of interest locally (the GM runs on the researcher’s machine). The platform will also handle errors and exceptions. For instance, if the match aborts because one of the players disconnected, the system will detect it, will notify the abort to the remaining players and will send a message to the GM. Since there is no direct communication between GM and interface, the GM will experience no trouble at all. All these features, especially the user registry and the instance handling, usually require a lot of coding, quantified in time and money, to be realized. Within XTribe, they can be realized with a straightforward procedure. After the configuration, the system will automatically take care of all. What researchers have to do is writing the code of the interface and of the GM.

Yes, but how?

The interface has to be structured as a web page with plenty of freedom in using HTML, CSS, Flash, etc., while the interaction between the interface and the system has to be achieved by means of the ET API, which are internally developed as Javascript functions. With this simple set of functions the interface will interact with the platform and, through it, with the GM. Basically, the GM has to work as a HTTP server hosted on the researcher’s machine. The communication with the system takes place through the HTTP protocol and all messages are coded in JSON format. Besides a restricted set of system messages, the game internal protocol is fully elaborated by the researcher. The following parts contains some tutorials aimed at introducing the various concept related with the XTribe platform. If you haven't done yet, go on XTribe and play some of the game available there.

XTribe tutorial: your first game

In this tutorial we'll see how to implement a simple multiplayer game that allows communication among the two players like a two users chat. Namely the tutorial will explain:

how to write a simple User Interface for the game;
how to send and receive messages client side;
how to write a server side manager that simply broadcast messages in PHP, NodeJS, Python and Java (JSP);
how to set up an experiment on XTribe server (on lab.xtribe.eu).

The game we are going to implement is available at lab.xtribe.eu/node/64. Get there and play it with a friend or a colleague. If you're alone you can test it by opening two different browsers and play as both players.

User interface

The user interface is an html page that contains all elements required for the user interaction. It communicate with the Experimental Tribe Server (ETS) via JavaScript API. It is your responsibility to design the user interface in such a way that it works well on all modern browsers.

Let's start by creating a simple html page for the game. Nothing complex here, just an input text area, a button and a div to show received messages.

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

    <head><title>XTribe - First game</title></head>
    <body>
        <h3>XTribe first game</h3>
        <p>It is just a simple chat.</p>
        <form onsubmit="return sendText()">
            <label for="myText">Text to send:</label>
            <input type="text" id="myText">
            <input type="submit" value="Send">
        </form>
        <p>Received text: <b id="recText">empty</b></p>
    </body>
</html>

We'll now see how to send and receive messages with the JavaScript API provided by XTribe server. First of all we have to include the js. Since your html page will be hosted on XTribe server you don't have to download the API js file. You can simply include it this way:

<script src="/js/ETS/api/1.0/Client.js"></script>

In order to send a message we can use the send() method of the ETS Client object. This method requires 3 parameters:

destination: can be either 'system' or 'manager';
topic: this is a custom string for messages sent to the manager, while for system messages there exists a list of well known system topics;
params (optional): data to be sent with the message, can be a single value of any basic type, an array or an object.

We'll now use this knowledge to write the sendText() function used in the onsubmit event of our form.

<script type="text/javascript">
var myETSclient = new ETS.Client();
function sendText() {
    var textField = document.getElementById('myText');
    var text = textField.value;
    myETSclient.send('manager', 'chat', text);
    textField.value = '';
    textField.focus();
    return false;
}
</script>

In line 2 an instance of ETS Client object is created. The function sendText() retrieve the DOM element corresponding to the input text field and its value then sends the message. Later the text field is cleared and focused to allow further input. Returning false prevent the browser from performing the actual form submission and reload the page.

In order to receive messages we can register a callback function to be called when the ETS Client object receives a message. the receive() method requires 2 parameters:

source: can be either 'system' or 'manager';
callback: this is the function to be called when a message is received. The message will be passed to the callback function.

What we need in our example is to accept incoming messages from the manager (in this tutorial we don't care about system messages), check the message topic and show the text.

myETSclient.receive('manager', receiveText);
function receiveText(msg) {
    console.log(msg);
    if (msg.topic == 'chat') {
        var text = msg.params;
        var recTextField = document.getElementById('recText');
        recTextField.innerHTML = text;
    }
}

Within the function, after a debug logging of the received message, we make ourselves sure that it is a 'chat' message, get the parameter sent with the message and print it into the div with id recText.

Summarizing the changes the head of our html file will look like this:

<head>
    <title>XTribe - First game</title>
    <script src="/js/ETS/api/1.0/Client.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var myETSclient = new ETS.Client();
myETSclient.receive('manager', receiveText);
function sendText() {
    var textField = document.getElementById('myText');
    var text = textField.value;
    console.log('Sending '+text+' to the manager');
    if (myETSclient) myETSclient.send('manager', 'chat', text);
    textField.value = '';
    textField.focus();
    return false;
}
function receiveText(msg) {
    console.log(msg);
    if (msg.topic == 'chat') {
        var text = msg.params;
        var recTextField = document.getElementById('recText');
        recTextField.innerHTML = text;
    }
}
</script>
</head>

The user interface is ready. It simply allow each of the player to send a line of text and receive what the opponent wrote. Each message is send using the JavaScript ETS Server API to the XTribe Server itself, which in turn send it to the game manager. The manager process the message and possibly send one or more messages back to the XTribe Server which will deliver them to the players.

Manager

The manager is the server side component in charge for the coordinating the game-specific interaction among players such as decide initial data for each match, process in game interaction, decide winner and scores. The manager also record all relevant information about the game process, in order to allow scientific analysis of collected data. It can be implemented with any server side technology and must be hosted on a server of yours.

You can follow

the Quick Start guide to install easily a node.js manager providing basic functionality

code your own manager from scratch.

Quick Start

You can follow these steps to install locally a node.js manager for your own Xtribe game. This is the starting point for developing your own manager, and the library, here included, provide a set of useful tools to enhance creating experiments experience.

Make sure to have a recent version of node.js installed.
Download the Xtribe Games Manager Framework from our Github project.
Unzip the file.
Open a command-line terminal and change directory to the ‘master’ directory you just unzipped or copy files in a directory of your choice and change to it.
Run this command 'npm install && cd node_modules/etsman/ && npm install && cd ../..' to install required libraries. This will create a ‘node_modules’ directory, containing Xtribe Manager Library (etsman) and the libraries it depends on.
Run nodejs index.js to run your manager.
Visit http://localhost:9000/monitor on your browser to check if it is running. Please notice that Xtribe needs to reach your manager so start it on a server that is someway reachable, that is having an url address or a fixed ip (e.g.:http://yourServerAddressOrIp:9000/). This is the Manager URI to provide to Xtribe while publishing the game.
Modify index.js for customizations.
Check out examples directory and take a look to code examples to get started about building your own manager.

If you have problems during installation, please refer to Quickstart: Troubleshooting section. Please refer to Manager API section for details about tools made available by Xtribe Manager Library.

In alternative, if you don't want to use the quickstart procedure, you can use the following instructions to code your manager from scratch and, in any moment, include our API in your own project.

Code your manager from scratch

The XTribe server contacts the manager via http (on an url you specify) sending a POST variable named message with the message encoded in JSON. The manager can reply with a message (or an array of messages) encoded in JSON. In our game the manager simply adds a timestamp to the text of a received message and broadcast it back to the players. We'll see how to implement it in PHP first, then other languages will follow. Even if you don't 'speak' PHP you have to read the PHP implementation section since the other implementation will follow exactly the same logic.

PHP implementation

PHP is a server side scripting language, we refer to the official PHP website for more info. The source code of our simple manager looks like this:

manager.php

<?php
header('Content-type: application/json');
if ($_POST['message']) {
    $message = json_decode($_POST['message']);
    if ($message->{'sender'} == 'system')
        manageSystemMessage($message);
    else
        manageClientMessage($message);
}
function manageSystemMessage($message) {
    // nothing to do here
}
function manageClientMessage($message) {
    if ($message->{'topic'} == 'chat') {
        $text = date(DATE_RSS) . $message->{'params'};
        $outMessage = array(
            'recipient'     =>   'client',
            'instanceId'    =>   $message->{'instanceId'},
            'clientId'      =>   $message->{'clientId'},
            'broadcast'     =>   true,
            'includeSelf'   =>   false,
            'topic'         =>   'chat',
            'params'        =>   $text
        );
        print(json_encode($outMessage));
    }
}?>

The first instruction (even though not mandatory) simply set the http response header: the output of this script will be a piece of JSON. Then we check if there is a POST variable named message, if so we decode it and, depending on whether it comes from the system or from the client we perform the appropriate actions.

Nothing to do for system messages here, but in case of a 'chat' messages coming from the client we do the following:

we prepare a new string variable concatenating the current time (in a human readable format) with the string wrote by the player (received as message parameter);
we create a message (i.e., an associate array in PHP) to be broadcasted to clients participating to the current instance 1 of the game. It is mandatory to specify a clientId for each message that designate the receiver, but in case of broadcast messages that client can be excluded from the broadcast (by means of includeSelf attribute). The message topic is 'chat' (as clients expects) and the params hold the new string;
we finally print out the message (in the http response body) encoded in JSON.

The manager must be put online on a server of you so that it responds on a public url, something like:

http://yourserver.group.institution.edu/path/manager.php

For your convenience this manager is running at:

http://man.xtribe.eu/tutorial/manager.php

NodeJS implementation

NodeJS is JavaScript server side. The code of our manager in JavaScript is:

manager.js

var express = require('express'),
        app = express();
var bodyParser  = require('body-parser');

app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({extended: true}));
app.use(bodyParser.json());

app.post('/', function(request, response) {
    var message = JSON.parse(request.body.message);
    if (message)
        if (message.sender == 'system')
            manageSystemMessage(response, message);
        else
            manageExperimentMessage(response, message)
    response.end();
});
app.listen(1234);
function manageSystemMessage(response, message) {
    // nothing to do here
}
function manageExperimentMessage(response, message) {
    if (message.topic == 'chat') {
        var text = (new Date())+message.params;
        var outMessage = {
            recipient:      'client',
            broadcast:      true,
            instanceId:     message.instanceId,
            clientId:       message.clientId,
            includeSelf:    false,
            topic:          'chat',
            params:         text
        };
        response.json(outMessage);
    }
}

Express is a package for nodeJs that makes it very easy to create an http server (it must be installed with npm). With this package we create a server that listen on port 1234, accept post requests and automatically parse the variables received in the body of the request.

When a POST request is received we do exactly the same action describe above (for the PHP implementation).

The manager must be run on a server of your so that it responds on a public url like this:

http://yourserver.group.institution.edu:1234/

Python implementation

Python can be used to create a manager, as follows:

manager.py

from datetime import datetime
import json
from flask import Flask, request, jsonify
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def hello():
    if ('message' in request.values):
        message = json.loads(request.values.get('message'))
        if (message['sender'] == 'system'):
            return manageSystemMessage(message)
        else:
            return manageClientMessage(message)
    else:
        return 'no message'
def manageSystemMessage(message):
    return '' # nothing to do here
def manageClientMessage(message):
    text = datetime.now().isoformat(' ') +' '+ message['params']
    return jsonify( recipient   = 'client',
                    broadcast   = True,
                    includeSelf = False,
                    instanceId  = message['instanceId'],
                    clientId    = message['clientId'],
                    topic       = 'chat',
                    params      = text )
if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=1234)

Flask is a package for Python that helps in creating an http server app. With this package we create a server that listen on port 1234 and accept post requests from any host (mask 0.0.0.0).

When a POST request is received we do exactly the same action describe above (for the PHP implementation).

There are many alternatives to Flask, such as CherryPy, Bottle, and many others. You can even use Django if your familiar with it.

The manager must be run on a server of your so that it responds on a public url like this:

http://yourserver.group.institution.edu:1234/

JSP implementation

We now describe a possible JSP implementation of a http server for a manager. We remark that a perfectly functional manager can also be written using standard Java HttpServer.

In order to encode and decode JSON data here we use the JSON.simple package. Make youself sure that the package is properly installed on your server, e.g. if you use Apache Tomcat you can put the jar file should be in the application's WEB-INF/lib folder.

manager.jsp

<%@page import="java.util.Date,org.json.simple.*"%><%
response.setContentType("application/json");
if (request.getParameter("message") != null) {
    String data = request.getParameter("message");
    JSONObject message = (JSONObject)JSONValue.parse(data);
    if (message.get("sender").equals("system")) {
        // manageSystemMessage
        // nothing to do here
    } else {
        // manageClientMessage
        if (message.get("topic").equals("chat")) {
            String text = new Date() +" "+ message.get("params");
            JSONObject outMessage = new JSONObject();
            outMessage.put("recipient", "client");
            outMessage.put("broadcast", new Boolean(true));
            outMessage.put("instanceId", message.get("instanceId"));
            outMessage.put("clientId", message.get("clientId"));
            outMessage.put("includeSelf", new Boolean(false));
            outMessage.put("topic", "chat");
            outMessage.put("params", text);
            out.println(outMessage);
        }
    }
}%>

The manager must be run on a server of your so that it responds on a public url like this:

http://yourserver.group.institution.edu:8080/path/manager.jsp

Other languages

Based on the examples given here you can write a manager with your own favorite language. It must simply:

be reachable on a public http url (server, port and or path of your choice);
be able to receive a POST variable named message (the same way a string is received from an html form);
be able to encode and decode strings in JSON format (JSON libraries are available for almost all languages);
return a JSON string as body of response (set the Content-type header line to application/json is a good practice).

Include Manager API in your project

If you have developed a manager in node.js and you want to use our Xtribe Manager API, install it is very easy.

In your manager directory run

npm install etsman

and do not forget to include it in your main js file

var etsman = require('etsman');

Please refer to Manager API section for details about tools made available by Xtribe Manager Library.

Publishing the game

If you haven't done yet, obtain a developer account on lab.xtribe.eu. Login and choose "Create Experiment" from the left side menu. Choose a title for your game; keep in mind that other people are following this tutorial, so avoid names like 'First game' or 'Chat game', rather enrich the title with your name: 'John Smith's First game'. Similarly the Machine-readable name can be 'john_smith_first_game' (all lowercase). The body is where you'll describe your experiment.

The Manager URI is the http url of your manager. If you leave this field blank the default manager will be used: a manager that simply broadcast player messages. Notice that the custom manager we developed in this tutorial is more complex that the default one, as our manager performs arbitrary manipulation of the message params before broadcasting it back. For your convenience the PHP implementation of the manager developed in this tutorial is running at:

http://man.xtribe.eu/tutorial/manager.php

No need for join conditions here, skip to active conditions. Set your game as active and playable by anonymous users, to test it. When your tests are over, please deactivate it to prevent it to show on the lab.xtribe.eu homepage.

As mentioned above, the user interface is hosted on XTribe platform. Here you have to upload your html file (create a zip with it); you also have to add any css, js, image used by your ui. The main html file must be named index.html. You also have to provide the size (in pixels) for your ui; the one we designed here fits well in 500x220. For your convenience the html user interface developed in this tutorial is available here.

No grouping rules, but we want exactly 2 users for each experiment instance, so set exact number of users in start conditions to 2.

That's it, skip the rest, save the experiment and enjoy it.

Notice that this simple game works with 3 (or more) players as well: when one player write something the manager broadcast that message to all the other players. Try to set exact number of users to 3 to check this out.

What we have done:

we implemented a simple User Interface with html and JavaScript that, relying on the ETS api, send and receives messages;
we wrote a server side manager that broadcast messages after performing some manipulation of the received params (enrich the string with a time stamp);
we plubished the game on the XTribe testing environment.

What we haven't wrote a single line of code to handle the low level bidirectional communication between the User Interface and the Manager because XTribe do it for us!

What we else should be done in a real experiment:

log received data on file or database for scientific analisys;
determine when the game is over and terminate it with a proper message to the ETS system;
handle messages sent by the ETS system (especially errors and disconnections) both in the manager and in the user interface.

Multilingual experiments

On the left side of Xtribe website pages, there are flags allowing users to change language. If a user choose a specific language, only experiment available in that language will be available to him. So your experiment is published, but how to provide it in more than one language?

During experiment creation, use the drop-down menu ‘Languages’ to choose one language.

Once the experiment has been created, editing it again, you will find a tab ‘Translate’ on top of its edit page. Click on ‘Translate’ and check the actual state of translations. Clicking on ‘add’ you can provide a translation in a additional language.

In the edit page of a translation, you will see a label ‘(all languages)’ besides some fields. Xtribe does not require you to reload your client or set again your conditions, separately, for every translation. The label means that the field is the same for all languages. Presently, only ‘Title’ and ‘Body’ fields are separated, respect to translation, so to allow you to provide different presentations in different languages for the same experiment.

Active and join conditions

Xtribe experiment creation offers some options meant to help you during your game creation and developing experience.

Join conditions: Your experiment could need some requirement from its partecipants. Maybe your sample group must be made of women or only men about 50 years. You can set up your conditions and only players fulfilling your requirements will be allowed to partecipate.
The experiment is active and can be joined: The experiment can be disabled at any moment, checking this option.
Anonymous users can join the experiment: Allow anonymous users to join the experiment. If no join condition is needed, this can be (or not) desirable, according to experiment specific goals.
Show the experiment in public website list: You can decide whether or not to show your experiment in Xtribe homepage game list.
Perform as a standalone application: The experiment will be showed fullscreen. No additional graphic will be added. Please, provide an internal way to exit from game.
IFRAME dimensions in pixels (Width x Height): Specify the width and the height of the IFRAME where the experiments run into. Enter "fullscreen" to use fullscreen mode. Defaults to 640x280. In fullscreen mode, the experiment will be showed fullscreen, but, on the top of the page, will be added an Xtribe toolbar, allowing the user to exit from the game and return back to your Xtribe game join page. (see Over message)

Grouping rules

Xtribe experiment creation offers the possibility to set some rules to control some players characteristics

Share languages: Assure that players, within the same game of your experiment, share one or more spoken language. You can add a condition to limite them (see Join Condition), to have your players talking at least one common language among the ones you chose. Remember to enable the setting 'user data sending' to make sure that every game will receive informations about languages in common among its own players.
Strict Mode: When you set a join condition, it will be evaluated comparing your request to the informations the player entered in his profile, during registration. These informations are not mandatory and your player could have not filled them. In this case, the default behaviour is to let player in, in order not to limit partecipation when a requirement could not be verified. This happens even in case of anonymous players. Enabling this rule restrict partecipation to players fulfilling conditions beyond doubt. In order to acquire necessary informations from the player, he will be asked to complete his profile and fill them, through a simple auto-generated form, before joining the game. If the user is anonymous, data will be saved in a temporary location, allowing player to join games for the time being.

Advanced options

Xtribe experiment creation offers some advanced settings that you could use to enhance game or debugging experience.

Timeout on join: Once a player decide to join the game, he begins to wait for others to join, until the number of players needed by the game is reached. This option allow you to choose maximum time he has to wait if no one else is joining, before to be warned that there is no one joining so the game cannot start.
Permits multiple join from the same user: Game istances are supposed to accept infinite anonymous player, meanwhile registered user are accepted to enter only one time for game. This options allows a registered user to join a game how many times he wants. This is only allowed for testing purposes. Please don't forget to uncheck this option when your game will be released on his final version.
Enable user data sending: if you check this option, along with the every ready system message from clients, your manager will receive user data. Please refer to 'ready' message documentation for details.
Icon: choose an icon to be displayed for your game.

Sharing your game

Xtribe is platform for gaming developing as well as a community of developer. It is very useful for community members to have mutual access to raw code of games, so Xtribe provide an internal sharing system, meant to preserve games code in a public git repository.

At the moment of creation or editing of an experiment, you will find, at the bottom of the creation page, just before saving button, a section named “Share your game”. If you choose to share your game by checking the appropriate checkbox, automatically, the client you uploaded for the game will be shared. Optionally, you can choose to upload your manager, that then will be shared, as well. A few minutes after you saved your game, it will be showed in our “Shared Experiment” page, for common use. Please, add a readme file to your uploadings, in order to explain what your code is about to the developers who will consult it as learning material.

Each time you will edit (or create) an experiment, which you gave sharing permission for, a new version of the game will be shared, identified by a timestamp. Remember to update both your client and manager.

You can revoke permission to share your code at any time, by editing your experiment, unckecking the appropriate checkbox and saving it. This operation will remove from our repository all versions of your experiment and cannot be undone. So, please be careful.
By accepting to share your game, you agree that your code will be released under Agpl 3.0 license and Xtribe conditions of use.

Download shared game

If you wish to take a look to shared code you can visit:

http://xtribe.eu/ets/shared_experiments

Here you will find all the games shared by you and other developers, ordered by game name. Each version can contain game client, game manager or only one of them. You’re free to download code and use it in accordance with licenses.

XTribe tutorial: options

In this tutorial, we will explore an interesting feature that Xtribe offers. Sometimes it is useful to store user related informations that are needed to better the interface or the usability of a game, but are not really relevant for the purpose of studying experiment results. For example, it is user-friendly to remember the username in order to welcome him properly when he gets back playing, but maybe the experiment involved in the game doesn’t really need profiling informations.

In this case, Xtribe provide you an option system that allow to store user information and load them at the precise moment they are needed, not involving at all the manager part of the experiment.

If you have completed Xtribe first tutorial, you wrote code of a simple chat. In that example, received messages were presented exactly as sended, preceded only by a timestamp. In a normal chat, however, would be convenient to recognize one’s own interlocutor. So, we want to give users the ability to qualify theirselves choosing a username. We will achieve this, using Xtribe options.

All can be done modifying the file index.html, produced in the first tutorial. Add to the body section the highlighted code, in order to add a form to our html page that will allow the user to insert his username and press a button to save it. We will add a label, too, to greet the user, showing his actual username.

<body>         
<h3>XTribe test game</h3>         
<p>It is just a simple chat.</p>             
<form onsubmit="return saveUsername()">                     
<label for="nameToBeSaved">Insert/Change your username:</label>
<input type="text" id="usernameToBeSaved">
<input type="submit" value="Save">
</form>             
<label id="greet"></label><br><br>
<form onsubmit="return sendText()">
<label for="myText">Text to send:</label>
<input type="text" id="myText">
<input type="submit" value="Send">
</form>         
<p>Received text: <b id="recText">empty</b></p>     
</body>

Now, we need to define the function that will actually save our data. Please copy this code inside your <script type="text/javascript">…</script> section. The username is taken from our usernameToBeSaved html text field and then saved via Xtribe options using the function optionsSave which take as argument a name, that you will use to retrieve the value that you are going to save, a value, that you want to save, and, finally, a callback function that will be called when the saving operation is done. In our case, as data are saved, we will clear our username text field, in order to allow several username change, and update the label which show the name on the front page of the game.

function saveUsername() {
        var textFieldUsername = document.getElementById('usernameToBeSaved');
        var usernameToBeSaved = { username: textFieldUsername.value };
        myETSclient.optionsSave("usernameNotANamelessChat", usernameToBeSaved, function () {
            textFieldUsername.value = '';
            updateUsernameLabel();
        });
        return false;
}

The updateUsernameLabel function shows how a value, previously saved, could be retrieved using the optionsLoad function, which take as argument the name, associated with the value you need to retrieve, and a callback function that will be called as data are actually loaded. In our case, as data are loaded, we will change the value of the label, showing the user his new username. If he has not set any username, he will be recognized as ‘Anonymous’.

var username = null;
function updateUsernameLabel() {
        myETSclient.optionsLoad("usernameNotANamelessChat", function (data) {
            username = data;
            if (username != null ){ document.getElementById('greet').innerHTML="Your actual username is "+username.username+"!"; }
            else { document.getElementById('greet').innerHTML="Your actual username is Anonymous!"; }
        });
    }
updateUsernameLabel();

Let’s also modify our sendText function. Now we, possibly, have a username for our user, so we want to send messages preceded by it. We will use, again, the optionLoad function to load the actual value of the username and send it with the message.

function sendText() {
        var textField = document.getElementById('myText');  
        var text = "";    
        myETSclient.optionsLoad("usernameNotANamelessChat", function (data) {
            username = data;
            if (username != null ){
                text = " "+username.username+" wrote: "+textField.value;
            }else{
                text = " "+"Anonymous"+" wrote "+textField.value;
            }
            console.log('Sending '+text+' to the manager');
                if (myETSclient) myETSclient.send('manager', 'chat', text);
                textField.value = '';
                textField.focus();
        });
        return false;
    }

For the sake of clarity, below you can find the whole html code of this example. Remember, you don’t need to change the manager.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
    <head>
        <title>XTribe - First game</title>
        <script src="/js/ETS/api/1.0/Client.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
    var myETSclient = new ETS.Client();
    myETSclient.receive('manager', receiveText);
var username = null;
    function updateUsernameLabel() {
     myETSclient.optionsLoad("usernameNotANamelessChat", function (data) {
username = data;
if (username != null ){ document.getElementById('greet').innerHTML="Your actual username is "+username.username+"!"; }
else { document.getElementById('greet').innerHTML="Your actual username is Anonymous!"; }
});
    }
    updateUsernameLabel();
    function saveUsername() {
   var textFieldUsername = document.getElementById('usernameToBeSaved');
     var usernameToBeSaved = { username: textFieldUsername.value };
   myETSclient.optionsSave("usernameNotANamelessChat", usernameToBeSaved, function () {
console.log("Username saved");
textFieldUsername.value = '';
updateUsernameLabel();
});
return false;
    }
    function sendText() {
var textField = document.getElementById('myText'); 
var text = ""; 
myETSclient.optionsLoad("usernameNotANamelessChat", function (data) {
username = data;
if (username != null ){
text = " "+username.username+" wrote: "+textField.value;
}else{
text = " "+"Anonymous"+" wrote "+textField.value;
}
console.log('Sending '+text+' to the manager');
if (myETSclient) myETSclient.send('manager', 'chat', text);
textField.value = '';
textField.focus();
});
        return false;
    }
    function receiveText(msg) {
        console.log(msg);
        if (msg.topic == 'chat') {
            var text = msg.params;
            var recTextField = document.getElementById('recText');
            recTextField.innerHTML = text;
        }
    }
    </script>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h3>XTribe test game</h3>
        <p>It is just a simple chat.</p>
            <form onsubmit="return saveUsername()">
                    <label for="usernameToBeSaved">Insert/Change your username:</label>
                    <input type="text" id="usernameToBeSaved">
                    <input type="submit" value="Save">
            </form>
            <label id="greet"></label><br><br>
            <form onsubmit="return sendText()">
                 <label for="myText">Text to send:</label>
                 <input type="text" id="myText">
                 <input type="submit" value="Send">
            </form>
        <p>Received text: <b id="recText">empty</b></p>
    </body>
</html>

Appendix

System messages

All messages sent by the system have the following structure:

sender: a string that identificates the sender of the message. For system messages it is always 'system'. Other possible values are 'manager' and 'client'
topic: a string that describe the message topic, see below for a complete list of system message topics available.
instanceId: the unique id of the current experiment instance.
clientId: the unique id of the client the message relates to. It is empty if not applicable
params: arbitrary data, for system messages. Can be empty.

All messages sent to the system have the following structure:

recipient: a string that identificates the recipient of the message. In this case must be it always 'system'.
topic: a string that describe the message topic, see below for a complete list of system message topics available.
instanceId: the unique id of the current experiment instance.
clientId: the unique id of the client the message relates to. This ID is meaningful only inside an instance to distinguish players. It is empty if not applicable.
params: arbitrary data, for system messages. Can be empty.

Join Phase

During the join phase, system delivers the following messages to either components of the experiment. Here we list message topics and destination component in parenthesis:

PING (manager): used to see if the manager is running. No response required.
INSTANCE (manager): notify that a new instance of the experiment is being created.
JOIN (manager): a player joined the instance.
LEAVE (manager): a player left the instance during the join pahse (i.e., while waiting for other players to join).
START (client): there are enough players to start, each of them can stop waiting and load the user interface html page.
READY (manager): notify that a specific client (see clientId) has load the user interface and is ready to receive messages from the manager. Optionally it can contain user data.

Experiment termination

After the join phase, client and manager start exchanging messages with custom topics. System messages are involved only in experiment termination:

OVER: either the manager or each of the clients can send an OVER message to the system to declare that the experiment is terminated, intentionally. The manager can set the score parameter in order to declare user scores at the end of the game. Clients cannot declare scores. Once the system receive this message it sends it back to all clients and the manager. If the experiment is executed in fullscreen or iframe mode, quitting by the xtribe toolbar exit button cause the client to send an 'over' to its manager, in order to communicate that the player ended intentionally the game.
DROP (manager): notify that a new instance is been dropped before starting, because all players stop waiting.
ABORT (manager): notify that clientId left an active instance.
END (manager): notify that clientId left an instance that was already over.
ERROR: some connection error occured and one the clients is no longer reachable, the instance cannot continue.

Messages in detail

READY
Ready message can arrive plain, like any other system message, or enriched of client user data. Creating (or modifying) your experiment, you can check an option, stating if user data must be sent or not.
The system spare the researcher from dealing with privacy and security issues so all data are properly anonymized and selected. You can use data to enhance gaming experience. For example, setting your interface client language automatically, or checking birth date, sex or education to present different contents. Otherwise, you can enhance data gathering by user profiling.
Remember: data are filled by players, so, if you find that some fields are empty, it means that he intentionally decided not to give that data about himself.

Here we list what data will be available inside the params field of the ready message:

clientId: every Xtribe player is identified by a unique id. If player is not registered, this id could change during time. If player is registered, this id will be unique for every game he will partecipate. For privacy sake, clientId is determined by the system.
created: user account data creation.
timezone
language: language chose for displaying contens in Xtribe.
roles: role inside Xtribe, so you can distinguish researchers or administrators from real player.
birth_date: date of birth, including timezone in which was calculated.
spoken_languages
sex
education
country
isAnonymous: state if the user is anonymous or registered.
instances_started: An approximated logarithmic misure of how many games a player started.
perc_instances_ended: A misure of the ratio between started and ended games, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. Xtribe You can use it to know if your player is a 'good' or a casual player. The misure given are not precise, for privacy sake, but can be a good point to evaluate players quality.

Client API

In order to communicate with the ETS from your experiment User Interface you have to include the Client API JavaScript file by adding the followin line in your page head:

<script src="/js/ETS/api/1.0/Client.js"></script>

Then, in your JS code you can create an instance of the client and use it to communicate with ETS.

var myETSclient = new ETS.Client();

The ETS Client expose the following methods.

send(recipient, topic, params)

Sends a message to the specified recipient that can be either system or manager. The message will have the specified topic and params. The params argument is not mandatory and can be omitted.

send(recipient, message)

Sends a message to the specified recipient that can be either system or manager. The message argument must be an object containing a topic and optionally params.

receive(callback)

Call the callback function each time a message is received. If callback is omitted or null the message is logged on the console.

receive(sender, callback)

Call the callback function each time a message coming from the given sender is received; sender can be either system or manager. If callback is omitted or null the message is logged on the console.

goToHome()

Redirect the player browser to the XTribe homepage.

goToJoin()

Redirect the player browser to the join page of the current experiment.

goToDescription()

Redirect the player browser to the description page of the current experiment.

optionsSave(name, data, callback)

Save game options server side for the current player only. You can specify a name for the option you are saving togheter with arbitary data (simple values, arrays, or objects). The callback function is called once the saving is completed server side. Different experiments cannot share options.

optionsLoad(name, callback)

Retrieve game options server side for the current player and current experiment. The callback function is called once the data are received from the server. Data are passed to the callback function as a single parameter, this can be a simple value, an array, or an object depending on what you saved. If the required option is has not been saved yet, the data will be null.

Manager API

If you developed your manager in node.js, you can use our library, which provide a set of useful tools to enhance creating experiments experience. Feel free to propose corrections, changes or to request feature that you would find useful. You can find our API on Github!

You can install it by npm.

In your manager directory run

npm install etsman

and do not forget to include it in your main js file

var etsman = require('etsman');

You can use any of these methods, exported by the library, for your own use. Remember to check out examples directory and take a look to code examples.

N.B: Your manager will be listening on the URL http://yourServerAddressOrIp:yourPort/. In the following documentation, we’ll assume ‘yourServerAddressOrIp’ equal to ‘localhost’ and port to ‘9000’, just for simplicity sake. Use your own server address and port for your manager!

startManager(options)

Launch your manager, listening to Xtribe messages. Accepts parameters by the optional object ‘options’, that can contain several custom settings. Any parameter, not explicitly set, will be resolved with default ones.

port (default ‘9000’): your manager will be listening on this port. E.g.:http://localhost:9000
monitor.enabled (default ‘false’): true or false to enable/disable the Debug Monitor. Debug Monitor displays all the chain of messages exchanged between Xtribe, your manager and your clients to let you understand what is going on and to debug your code. Monitor is available by default on this link: http://localhost:9000/monitor
monitor.customLink (default ‘monitor’): you can customize the link to behttp://localhost:9000/myMonitor
monitor.verbose (default ‘false’): true or false to enable verbose mode to log more debug informations. It will log all messages exchanged between system, manager and clients.
debugSender.enabled (default ‘false’): true or false to enable/disable the Debug Sender. Debug Sender allows you to send messages directly to your manager to debug it. Debug Sender is available by default on this link: http://localhost:9000/debugSender.
debugSender.customLink (default ‘monitor’): you can customize the link to behttp://localhost:9000/mySender
onClientMessage, onPing, onInstance, onJoin, onLeave, onReady, onOver, onDrop, onAbort, onEnd, onError: handlers for the various kind of system/experiment messages. All of the handler functions must receive two parameters: the incoming message and a function to be called on completion.

GAMEDATA (global variable)

The global variable GAMEDATA contains data about your game instances, in JSON format, and gets filled in real-time from the moment the manager is started to the moment it is stopped. GAMEDATA contain these data for each instance of the game:

instanceId: id of the current instance of the game
experimentId: id of the current game
created/started/ended/aborted: when the game is created,started,ended or aborted, a timestamp of that event is added in this field. Please refer to ‘System Message’ section in Xtribe documentation, for details about the occurring of these events.
players: players data are added (or removed) during Join phase as players ‘join’ (or ‘leave’) the game. At ‘ready’ time, data are updated and enriched, if the option ‘Enable user data sending’ is enabled in your game. For each player, these data are displayed:
clientId: identifies univocally a player,
readyTimestamp: timestamp of the moment the player started to play
player data: eventually delivered by Xtribe, along with the ready message, if you enabled, in your game settings, the option ‘Enable user data sending’. Please refer to ‘Messages in detail - Ready’ section in Xtribe documentation, for details about these data, and to ‘Advanced Options’ section for enabling this setting in your game.

You can access these data by the GAMEDATA variable directly, or using the method getInstanceData(instanceId).

getInstanceData(instanceId)

Returns data about the instance identified by the instanceId passed as parameter. Remember that the instanceId of a specific istance of your game is passed as part of almost any Xtribe message received and sent by your manager and client, during that instance lifetime.

logToMonitor(obj)

Logs to the Debug Monitor, directly from your manager.

prettyJson(obj)

Format an object in a readable JSON format.

userError(errorString)

Stops execution and sends back a user error

nothingFound()

Stops execution and sends back a ‘nothingfound’ error

exitIfEmpty(obj)

Stops execution and sends back a ‘nothingfound’ error if the object is empty

exitIfNull(obj)

Stops execution and sends back a ‘nothingfound’ error if the object is strictly null

errIfEmpty(obj)

Stops execution and sends back an ‘empty object’ error if the object is empty

errIfNull(obj)

Stops execution and sends back an ‘null object’ error if the object is strictly null

isEmpty(obj)

Checks if an object is empty (returns true or false)

tryWaterfall(functions, callback)

Utility function similar to async.waterfall, with exception handling. Runs the tasks array of functions in series, each passing their results to the next in the array. However, if any of the tasks pass an error to their own callback, the next function is not executed, and the main callback is immediately called with the error. (See Async) This useful library is included in etsman and exported as etsman.async, so you can use for example etsman.async.each(arr, iteratee, [callback])

intersectSafe(a, b, count_empty_as_full)

Calculate intersection between two array a and b leaving them untouched, and returns the resulting array. If count_empty_as_full is set to true, the intersection of a filled array with an empty array returns the filled.

currentTimestamp()

Return the current timestamp in Unix Time format (number of milliseconds elapsed since 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UTC). (See Unix Time)

connectToMysqlDb(host,database,user,password)

Connects to a mysql database. Accepts as parameters:

host: The hostname of the database you are connecting to (‘localhost’ if on your machine)
database: Name of the database to use for this connection
user: The MySQL user to authenticate as
password: The password of that MySQL user

External libraries exported

Our library export some useful third-party libraries, so you don’t have to include them again.

async

The useful library async (Async) which provides straight-forward, powerful functions for working with asynchronous JavaScript)

The library lodash (Lodash). Learn how to take the hassle out of working with arrays, numbers, objects and strings)

Using example managers with your game interface on Xtribe

Did you already create your game and user interface on Xtribe to use with manager built through tribe Manager API, didn’t you? Check out our tutorial to create your first game on our platform. Follow ‘Publishing the game’ and ‘User Interface’ paragraphs instructions. It’s easy and quick.

The example managers provided, run as standalone application as you start them:

nodejs example_name.js

Every example starts on port 9000+example number (e.g.: 9001 for example 1, 9002 for example 2), so, if you start one of them on your server, it will be running on an url like:

http://yourServerAddressOrIp:9001

Copy this url and paste it in ‘Manager URI’ field in the settings of your game. Now, play your game to see the manager in action.

Please notice that Xtribe needs to reach your manager, so start it on a server that is someway reachable, that is having an url address or a fixed ip (e.g.:http://yourServerAddressOrIp:yourPort/).

Quick Start: Troubleshooting

When I run my manager, this error is shown.
```
Error: Cannot find module 'etsman'
```
- You have not installed Xtribe Manager API. Run npm install in the directory where you stored downloaded files.
When I install libraries with npm install, my node_modules directory is nearly empty or it is not created.
- Check your permissions. If you are on Linux or Mac OS you may need to run npm install as superuser.
When I install libraries with npm install, my node_modules directory is nearly empty and this error is shown:
```
npm ERR! Error: shasum check failed
```
- Check your node is updated to the most recent version. Optionally, reset your npm
```
npm set registry http://registry.npmjs.org/
```
```
npm cache clean
```

1. If more that 2 players play at the same time XTribe automatically couple them. Each couple of players plays a unique instance of the game. All this mechanism is implemented by ETS in a way that is completely transparent for the client, while the manager simply need to propagate the instanceId.

experimental tribe

Main menu

Xtribe Mobile Menu

Languages

The Platform In Depth

Interface and Game Manager

Users and Data

... and this is how it begins!

The Game

Yes, but how?

XTribe tutorial: your first game

User interface

Manager

Quick Start

Code your manager from scratch

PHP implementation

NodeJS implementation

Python implementation

JSP implementation

Other languages

Include Manager API in your project

Publishing the game

Multilingual experiments

Active and join conditions

Grouping rules

Advanced options

Sharing your game

Download shared game

XTribe tutorial: options

Appendix

System messages

Join Phase

Experiment termination

Messages in detail

Client API

Manager API

External libraries exported

Using example managers with your game interface on Xtribe

Quick Start: Troubleshooting